Replacement mitral valves

ABSTRACT

A prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly, an annular strut frame, and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the annular strut frame. The anchor assembly includes a ventricular anchor, an atrial anchor, and a central portion therebetween. The annular strut frame is disposed radially within the anchor assembly. An atrial end of the annular strut frame is attached to the anchor assembly such that a ventricular end of the annular strut frame is spaced away from the anchor assembly.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/669,805, filed Aug. 4, 2017, and titled “REPLACEMENT MITRAL VALVES,” which is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/032550, filed May 13, 2016, titled “REPLACEMENT MITRAL VALVES,” now International Publication No. WO 2016/183526, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/161,743, titled “REPLACEMENT MITRAL VALVES,” and filed May 14, 2015, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/259,565, titled “REPLACEMENT MITRAL VALVES,” and filed Nov. 24, 2015, the entireties of which is incorporated by reference herein.

This application may be related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/170,388, filed Jan. 31, 2014, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CARDIAC VALVE REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,870,948, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/677,320, filed Apr. 2, 2015, titled “REPLACEMENT CARDIAC VALVES AND METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE,” the entireties of which are incorporated by reference herein.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. Various diseases can affect the function of the mitral valve, including degenerative mitral valve disease and mitral valve prolapse. These diseases can cause mitral stenosis, in which the valve fails to open fully and thereby obstructs blood flow, and/or mitral insufficiency, in which the mitral valve is incompetent and blood flows passively in the wrong direction.

Many patients with heart disease, such as problems with the mitral valve, are intolerant of the trauma associated with open-heart surgery. Age or advanced illness may have impaired the patient's ability to recover from the injury of an open-heart procedure. Additionally, the high costs associated with open-heart surgery and extra-corporeal perfusion can make such procedures prohibitive.

Patients in need of cardiac valve repair or cardiac valve replacement can be served by minimally invasive surgical techniques. In many minimally invasive procedures, small devices are manipulated within the patient's body under visualization from a live imaging source like ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or endoscopy. Minimally invasive cardiac procedures are inherently less traumatic than open procedures and may be performed without extra-corporeal perfusion, which carries a significant risk of procedural complications.

Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement devices, such as the Medtronic Corevalve or the Edwards Sapien, deliver aortic valve prostheses through small tubes which may be positioned within the heart through the aorta via the femoral artery or through the apex of the heart. However, the mitral valve differs from the aortic valve in that the shape and anatomy immediately surrounding the valve varies greatly from one side of the valve to the other. Moreover, current cardiac valve prostheses are not designed to function effectively within the mitral valve. Further, current cardiac valve prostheses delivered via a minimally invasive device are often difficult to place correctly within the native valve, difficult to match in size to the native valve, and difficult to retrieve and replace if initially placed incorrectly.

These and other deficiencies in existing approaches are described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In general, in one embodiment, a replacement mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including a ventricular anchor, an annular central portion, and an atrial anchor, an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, a central annular member between the anchor assembly and annular strut frame, and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the annular strut frame. The anchor assembly is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor. The central annular member is connected to both the anchor assembly and the annular strut frame so as to connect the anchor assembly to the annular strut frame.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. A ventricular end of the central annular member can have a smaller diameter than a diameter of the atrial end of the central annular member. The diameter of the ventricular end can be between 25 mm and 30 mm, and the diameter of the atrial end is between 30 mm and 35 mm. The central annular member can include a plurality of linear posts extending from an atrial end to a ventricular end and a plurality of zig-zag circumferential members extending circumferentially therearound. The central annular member can have a lower spring constant than the strut frame. The strut frame can have a higher spring constant than the anchor assembly. The central annular member can include a suspension. The central annular member and the anchor assembly can be connected together with couplers. The central annular member and the annular strut frame can be connected together with couplers. The central annular member can be configured to minimize deformation of replacement leaflet alignment in response to deformation of an expandable anchor. The device can be configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration. The device can be configured to foreshorten upon expansion of the atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion from the constrained configuration to the expanded configuration.

In general, in one embodiment, a replacement mitral valve includes an anchor assembly comprising a ventricular anchor, an annular central portion, and an atrial anchor, an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, a suspension connecting the anchor assembly to the annular strut frame, and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the annular strut frame. The anchor assembly is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The suspension can have a lower spring constant than the strut frame. The strut frame can have a higher spring constant than the anchor assembly. The suspension can include a plurality of springs. The springs can be leaf springs. The suspension and the anchor assembly can be connected together with couplers. The suspension and the annular strut frame can be connected together with couplers. The suspension can be configured to minimize deformation of replacement leaflet alignment in response to deformation of an expandable anchor. The device can be configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration. The device can be configured to foreshorten upon expansion of the atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion from the constrained configuration to the expanded configuration.

In general, in one embodiment, a prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including an atrial anchor, a ventricular anchor, and a central portion therebetween, and a plurality of replacement leaflets coupled with the anchor assembly. The atrial anchor or the ventricular anchor includes an annular frame having plurality of pear-shaped extensions connected together. The anchor assembly is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The annular frame can be substantially circular. The device can be configured to foreshorten upon expansion of the atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion from the constrained configuration to the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor and the ventricular anchor can each have a diameter in the expanded configuration that is greater than a diameter of the central portion in the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor and the ventricular can include an annular frame having a plurality of pear-shaped extensions connected together. At least two of the plurality of pear-shaped extensions can have different lengths from one another. Each of the plurality of pear-shaped extensions can include an inner rounded portion and an outer rounded portion. The inner rounded portion can have a smaller diameter than a diameter of the outer rounded portion. The diameter of the inner rounded portion can be between 2 mm and 3 mm, and the diameter of the outer rounded portion can be between 5 mm and 6 mm. The atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion can all be integral with one another. The prosthetic mitral valve can further include an annular strut frame secured radially within the anchor assembly. The annular strut frame can be configured to support the plurality of replacement leaflets. When the anchor assembly is in the expanded configuration, extensions on the ventricular anchor can curve around to point at least partially radially inwards. When the anchor assembly is in the expanded configuration, extensions of the atrial anchor point can be substantially in the atrial direction.

In general, in one embodiment, a prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including an atrial anchor, a ventricular anchor, and a central portion therebetween, and a plurality of replacement leaflets coupled with the anchor assembly. The atrial anchor or the ventricular anchor includes an annular frame having plurality of extensions connected together, wherein there are at least two extensions of differing radial lengths. The anchor assembly is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The annular frame can be substantially circular. The device can be configured to foreshorten upon expansion of the atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion from the constrained configuration to the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor and the ventricular anchor can each have a diameter in the expanded configuration that is greater than a diameter of the central portion in the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor or the ventricular anchor can include a plurality of pear-shaped extensions connected together. The atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion can all be integral with one another. The prosthetic mitral valve can further include an annular strut frame secured radially within the anchor assembly. The annular strut frame can be configured to support the plurality of replacement leaflets. When the anchor assembly is in the expanded configuration, extensions on the ventricular anchor can curve around to point at least partially radially inwards. When the anchor assembly is in the expanded configuration, extensions of the atrial anchor can point substantially in the atrial direction.

At least one extension can have a radial length that is between 1 mm and 3 mm longer than another extension. The plurality of extensions can include a plurality of first extensions having a first radial length and a plurality of second extensions having a second radial length. The first and second extensions can be arranged in an alternating pattern around the annular frame.

In general, in one embodiment, a prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including an atrial anchor, a ventricular anchor, and a central portion therebetween, and a plurality of replacement leaflets coupled with the anchor assembly. The ventricular anchor includes an annular frame having plurality of extensions connected together. The anchor assembly is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion and ends of the extensions on the ventricular anchor curve around to point at least partially radially inwards. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The annular frame can be substantially circular. The device can be configured to foreshorten upon expansion of the atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion from the constrained configuration to the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor and the ventricular anchor each have a diameter in the expanded configuration that is greater than a diameter of the central portion in the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor or the ventricular anchor includes a plurality of pear-shaped extensions connected together. The atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion can all be integral with one another. The prosthetic mitral valve can further include an annular strut frame secured radially within the anchor assembly. The annular strut frame can be configured to support the plurality of replacement leaflets. When the anchor assembly is in the expanded configuration, extensions of the atrial anchor can point substantially in the atrial direction. At least two of the plurality of pear-shaped extensions can have different lengths from one another. A radius of curvature formed by the curved ends of the extensions of the ventricular anchor can be between approximately 0.1″ and 0.2.″

In general in one embodiment, a prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including an atrial anchor, a ventricular anchor, and a central portion therebetween, and a plurality of replacement leaflets coupled with the anchor assembly. The atrial anchor includes an annular frame having plurality of extensions connected together. The anchor assembly is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion and ends of the extensions on the atrial anchor point substantially in the atrial direction. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The annular frame can be substantially circular. The device can be configured to foreshorten upon expansion of the atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion from the constrained configuration to the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor and the ventricular anchor can each have a diameter in the expanded configuration that is greater than a diameter of the central portion in the expanded configuration. The atrial anchor or the ventricular anchor can include a plurality of pear-shaped extensions connected together. The atrial anchor, ventricular anchor, and central portion can all be integral with one another. The prosthetic mitral valve can further include an annular strut frame secured radially within the anchor assembly. The annular strut frame can be configured to support the plurality of replacement leaflets. When the anchor assembly is in the expanded configuration, extensions on the ventricular anchor can curve around to point at least partially radially inwards. At least two of the plurality of pear-shaped extensions can have different lengths from one another.

In general, in one embodiment, a replacement mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including a ventricular anchor, an annular central portion, and an atrial anchor, an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the annular strut frame. The anchor assembly is configured to expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor. The annular strut frame is flared radially outward to form a funnel shape on an atrial side of the strut frame.

This and other embodiment can include one or more of the following features. The replacement mitral valve can further include a plurality of ovoid strut attachment mechanisms extending from the annular strut frame. The ovoid strut attachment mechanisms can be configured for sewing attachment of the replacement leaflets. The annular strut frame can be attached to the anchor assembly with a plurality of couplers. The plurality of couplers can be rivets. The annular strut frame can be attached to the anchor assembly through a central annular member. The annular strut frame can be attached to the anchor assembly through a suspension. The atrial anchor can further include a flared atrial portion, wherein the flared atrial portion of the atrial anchor and the flare of the annular strut frame can be configured to substantially conform to one another. The strut frame can flare at an angle of approximately 60-65 degrees relative to a central axis of the mitral valve.

In general, in one embodiment, a replacement mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including a ventricular anchor, an annular central portion, and an atrial anchor, an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the annular strut frame. The anchor assembly is configured to expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor. The annular strut frame has a plurality of rivet holes at a ventricular end of the strut frame configured for attachment to the anchor assembly.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The replacement mitral valve can further include a plurality of ovoid strut attachment mechanisms extending from the annular strut frame. The ovoid strut attachment mechanisms can be configured for sewing attachment of the replacement leaflets. The annular strut frame can be attached to the anchor assembly with a plurality of couplers. Each coupler can extend through a hole of the plurality of holes. The plurality of couplers can be rivets. The anchor assembly can further include a plurality of holes. A coupler can extend through each of the holes of the anchor assembly for attachment to the annular strut frame. The annular strut frame can be attached to the anchor assembly through a central annular member. The annular strut frame can be attached to the anchor assembly through a suspension.

In general, in one embodiment, a replacement mitral valve includes an anchor assembly comprising a ventricular anchor, an annular central portion, and an atrial anchor, an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the annular strut frame. The anchor assembly is configured to expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor. The annular strut frame includes a suture extending around an entire circumference of the annular strut frame to prevent flaring of one end of the annular strut frame relative to another during delivery of the replacement valve.

In general, in one embodiment, a prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including an atrial anchor, a ventricular anchor, and a central portion therebetween, and a plurality of replacement leaflets coupled with the anchor assembly. The atrial anchor or the ventricular anchor includes an annular frame having plurality of peaks and valleys extending around the circumference. A hook is positioned in one or more of the valleys configured to engage tissue. The anchor assembly is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

In general, in one embodiment, a prosthetic mitral valve includes an anchor assembly including an atrial anchor, a ventricular anchor, and a central portion therebetween, and a plurality of replacement leaflets coupled with the anchor assembly. A plurality of hooks extend from the central portion configured to engage tissue. The anchor assembly is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration in which the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor are flared radially outward relative to the central portion. The anchor assembly in the expanded configuration is configured to compress native cardiac tissue between the ventricular anchor and the atrial anchor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims that follow. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 shows a portion of an embodiment of a valve prosthesis in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 2 is a side view illustrating the prosthesis of FIG. 1 including leaflets.

FIG. 3 illustrates an integral central portion and ventricular anchor after being cut from a sheet of material.

FIG. 4A is a top view of another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 4B is a side view of another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 4C is a close-up showing two anchor extensions side by side.

FIG. 4D shows a flattened anchor assembly.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a flattened anchor assembly.

FIG. 6A shows another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 6B shows the anchor assembly of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6C shows a central member of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6D shows a strut frame of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6E shows a close-up of the anchor assembly of FIG. 6B.

FIG. 6F shows a side view of the anchor assembly of FIG. 6B.

FIG. 6G is a cross-section of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 6A without the skirt or leaflets attached thereto.

FIG. 7 shows a top view of another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of a strut frame.

FIG. 9 shows another embodiment of a strut frame.

FIGS. 10A-10D show various view of a strut frame.

FIG. 10E shows the strut frame of FIGS. 10A-10D flattened.

FIGS. 11A-11B shows another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIGS. 12A-12B show another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIGS. 13A-13B show another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 14 shows a top view of a valve prosthesis having spring members between the strut frame and the anchor assembly.

FIGS. 15A-15D show various embodiments of spring members.

FIG. 16A-16C show another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 17A shows another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 17B shows the anchor assembly of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 17A.

FIG. 17C shows the central member of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 17A.

FIG. 17D shows the strut frame of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 17A.

FIG. 18A shows another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 18B shows a flattened strut frame of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 18A.

FIG. 18C shows a flattened anchor assembly of the valve prosthesis of FIG. 18A.

FIGS. 19A-19B shows another embodiment of a valve prosthesis.

FIG. 20A shows a flattened and overlaid anchor assembly and strut frame.

FIG. 20B shows the strut frame of FIG. 20A.

FIG. 20C shows the anchor assembly of FIG. 20A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure includes replacement heart valves (also referred herein as prosthetic heart valves), methods of manufacturing replacement heart valves, including subassemblies thereof, and methods of using replacement heart valves. This disclosure describes the prostheses in the context of replacement mitral valves, but it is conceivable that the prostheses herein can be used or modified to be used as other replacement heart valves. In some embodiments, the replacement heart valves are self-orienting (at least on one side) replacement mitral valves configured to be delivered using minimally invasive techniques.

The replacement heart valves herein include an expandable anchor that includes an atrial anchor (e.g., configured to be placed on an atrial side of a mitral valve annulus), a ventricular anchor (e.g., configured to be placed on a ventricular side of a mitral valve annulus), and a central portion axially between the atrial and ventricular anchors. The expandable anchor is adapted to be collapsed towards a collapsed delivery configuration, and is adapted to expand towards an expandable configuration. The replacement heart valves also include a plurality of struts or strut frame secured to at least one of the central portion, the ventricular anchor, or the atrial anchor for securing a plurality of replacement leaflets thereto. The struts or strut frame can be considered part of the expandable anchor, and in embodiments herein are configured to deform as the rest of the expandable anchor is collapsed. It may be possible to incorporate struts that are not deformable, but which are still secured to the expandable anchor. These types of struts may not be considered part of the expandable anchor but are secured to the expandable anchor. The struts extend distally, that is, towards the ventricular anchor. In the context of replacement mitral valves, the “distal” end of the replacement valve refers to the end of the replacement valve that is to be positioned on the ventricular side of the annulus, while “proximal” end refers to the end of the replacement valve that is to be positioned on the atrial side of the annulus. “Distally” in the context of trans-atrial delivery can be used to refer to a location closer to the left ventricle than the left atrium, while “proximally” is generally used to refer to a location closer to the left atrium than the left ventricle.

In some embodiments, the expandable anchor is adapted to completely self-expand, and in some embodiments it is configured to be partially self-expanding and partially expand by non-self-expanding influences (e.g., a balloon). The expandable anchors can be made of (or partly made of) a super elastic material such as nitinol.

In methods of use, the prostheses described herein can be delivered to a cardiac valve orifice, such as the mitral valve, by using minimally invasive techniques to access the cardiac valve. Access routes and procedures are known, such as making small incisions in the patient's body and passing the prosthesis through the apex of the heart to, for example, a mitral valve. An additional exemplary access route includes delivering the valve through the venous system and into the left atrium via a transseptal puncture. A transseptal approach can impart size limitations on the delivery and thus the delivery profile of the replacement heart valve. Additionally, a transseptal approach can also impart certain flexibility requirements on the replacement heart valve. The replacement heart valves herein are configured to be collapsed into a delivery configuration so they can fit within a delivery device. The replacement heart valves can be delivered to the treatment site within the delivery device and then deployed from the delivery device. If necessary, the replacement valves can be repositioned, re-sheathed (partially or completely) if necessary, and then re-deployed.

Replacement heart valves herein are configured to be secured in the native valve orifice by sandwiching the cardiac orifice between ventricular and atrial anchors, which are larger in diameter than the valve orifice, and by applying a radial force from the center portion outward against the cardiac orifice. Additional engagement between the prostheses and cardiac tissue can be added with wire hooks extending from the valve prostheses.

FIGS. 1-3 show an exemplary mitral valve prosthesis 10 in an expanded configuration after an expandable anchor and struts have been secured together. The portion of the replacement valve shown in FIG. 1 may be referred to as an anchor subassembly, which includes an expandable anchor 1 and struts 5, but excludes leaflets and any skirts that may be incorporated into the final replacement valve. Expandable anchor 1 includes an atrial anchor 2, a ventricular anchor 4, and a central portion 3 therebetween. In this embodiment, atrial anchor 2 is configured and adapted to be disposed on an atrial side of a mitral valve orifice, and ventricular anchor 4 is configured and adapted to be disposed on a ventricle side of the mitral valve orifice. In some uses, however, expandable anchor 1 may be implanted so that atrial anchor 2 as shown is positioned on the ventricle side and ventricular anchor 4 is positioned on the atrial side. The anchor subassembly and/or struts can be made of wire, such as a metal wire, such as nitinol.

Three struts 5 are secured to the anchor subassembly 1, and in this embodiment are secured to central portion 3, and at least a portion of struts 5 are disposed radially inward relative to central portion 3. Struts 5 are extending, or pointing, towards ventricular anchor 4 and away from atrial anchor 2.

Radially inner surfaces of the expandable anchor and the struts define central opening 6, which is radially within the expandable anchor. The radially inner surfaces of central portion 3 substantially define the perimeter of central opening 6. Replacement leaflets, which are not shown in FIG. 1 for clarity, are secured to struts 5 and are disposed at least partially in central opening 6, and are configured to control blood flow therethrough.

In this embodiment, atrial anchor 2 includes overlapping arches 32 extending around the perimeter of the anchor 2. Ventricular anchor 4 includes a plurality of arches 42 that extend from the central portion towards the ventricular end. A plurality of spaces 49 (see FIG. 3) extend between adjacent arches 42, the configurations and sizes of which are defined by the configuration of adjacent arches 42, are configured to advantageously allow the sub-valvular structures, such as chords, to slide between adjacent arches 42 when the ventricular anchor is expanded on the ventricular side of the mitral valve annulus. The arch 32, 42 tips are rounded, or curved (as opposed to abrupt or sharp) to avoid damaging the tissue when implanted.

In the expanded configuration shown in FIG. 1 (which is also an “as-manufactured” configuration), atrial anchor 2 and ventricular anchor 4 extend radially outward from central portion 3, and are considered to flare outward relative to central portion 4. Atrial anchor 2 and ventricular anchor 4 can also be considered flanged relative to central portion 3. The flared configuration of atrial and ventricular anchors 2 and 4 relative to central portion 3 is described in the context of a side view of the expandable anchor, as can be seen in FIG. 2 (which illustrates leaflets secured to struts).

In some embodiments, one or more of the flared anchors are orthogonal to a longitudinal axis “LA” (illustrated in FIG. 2) passing through central opening 6. In some embodiments, the flared anchor portions have a smooth curve radially outward. In some flared configuration the two anchors and the central portion define a general “C” or “U” shape in a side view of the expandable anchor. A “C” or “U” configuration is not limited to symmetrical configurations, however, as there can be slight deviation from a true “U” and still be considered to be U-shaped. For example, the expandable anchor could define a “C” configuration, but one of the atrial and ventricular anchors could have a tighter curvature than the other anchor. When the anchor portions are flared and create a “C” shaped configuration, the atrial and ventricular anchors are slightly curved inward towards the central portion at their respective ends. In some embodiments, atrial anchor 2 and ventricular anchor 4 are substantially parallel to one another, such as exactly parallel to one another. In some embodiments the configuration of the flared anchors creates a substantially constant radius of curvature (i.e., a semi-circle) so that stress across anchors 2 and 4, and central portion 4 is balanced, thereby reducing fatigue or wear at any one point along the prosthesis. In other embodiments, the flared configuration of the two anchors and the central portion define a general hour-glass shape in a side view of the expandable anchor (see, e.g., FIGS. 6F and 6G). That is, the anchor portions can be flared outwards relative to the central portion and then curved or bent to point at least partially back in the axial direction. Again, an hour glass configuration is not limited to symmetrical configuration.

In some embodiments the expanded anchor 1 (not including the struts) has a length “L” (see FIG. 2, measured from the atrial end to the ventricular end, parallel to the longitudinal axis LA) of 6-12 mm, such as 6-11 mm, 6-10 mm, 6-9 mm, 7-11 mm, 8-10 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, and 12 mm. In some embodiments the length of the expanded prosthesis, including the struts (“LS” as shown in FIG. 2), has a length of 16-20 mm, such as 17-19 mm, 16 mm, 17 mm, 18 mm, 19 mm, and 20 mm with the struts. In some embodiments, the expanded anchor has an expanded diameter (“D” in FIG. 2) of about 35 mm to about 75 mm, such as about 45 mm to about 65 mm. In some of those embodiments the device is configured to be collapsed to a collapsed configuration in which it has a collapsed diameter D of 7 mm to 12 mm (i.e., the prosthesis can be collapsed down to fit within a 21-36 French catheter). In some embodiments the central opening 6 diameter is between 20 mm and 45 mm, such as between 25 mm and 40 mm, such as between 28 mm and 38 mm. In embodiments in which central opening 6 is not a perfect circle, the central opening diameter refers to the greatest linear dimension between points on the central portion, when viewed in an end view such as FIG. 10A.

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4C, in some embodiments, one or both of the atrial and ventricular anchors 2302, 2304 of an expandable anchor of a replacement valve 2300 can include petals or extensions 2322 a,b (only two are labeled for clarity) that are pear-shaped. That is, each extension 2322 a,b can included two bulbous or rounded portions 2323 a, 2323 b. The radial innermost rounded portion 2323 a can have a greater diameter than the radial outermost portion 2323 b. The radial innermost rounded portion 2323 a can be approximately 5-6 mm in diameter while the radial outermost portion 2323 b can be approximately 2-3 mm in diameter. The pear-shaped extensions 2322 a can advantageously provide sufficient grabbing force while providing a large-diameter blunt radial edge to reduce the chances of tissue damage.

Referring still to FIGS. 4A-4C, in some embodiments, the extensions 2322 a,b can have varying radial lengths. For example, the anchor can include alternating longer extensions 2322 a and shorter extensions 2322 b around the circumference. The longer extensions 23222 a, for example, can have a length that is 1-3 mm longer than a length of the shorter extensions 2322 b. Having varying lengths can advantageously allow the extensions 2322 a, 2322 b to be cut out of a single tube or piece of material while still providing a large-diameter blunt radial edge. For example, FIG. 4D shows a pattern for the expandable anchor 2301 cut out of a flat piece of material (which would then be rolled to form the anchor 2301). In this pattern 2301, the atrial side includes double hooks therein for attachment to a delivery system, which will be described further below. FIG. 5 shows a similar pattern for an expandable anchor 5301 cut out of a flat piece of material. The expandable anchor 5301 includes alternating pear-shaped extensions only on the ventricular side of the anchor 5301.

In some embodiments where the alternating pear-shaped extensions are only on the ventricular side, the atrial side can include overlapping extensions that are substantially semicircular in shape, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 7. In other embodiments, the anchor with the pear-shaped extensions can be used on both the ventricular and atrial side. In yet other embodiments, the anchor with the pear-shaped extensions can be used only on the atrial side. Moreover in some embodiments, the pear-shaped extensions can be arranged in an overlapping fashion.

FIGS. 6A-6G show another embodiment of a replacement valve 3200 including an atrial anchor 3202 and ventricular anchor 3204. The atrial and ventricular anchors 3202 extend radially outwards relative to the central portion 3203. The extensions 3222 a,b of the atrial anchor and of the distal anchor are both pear-shaped and of alternating lengths, as described above with respect to valve 2300. Further, the expandable anchor 3201 (including atrial anchor 2302, ventricular anchor 3204, and central portion 3203) forms a substantially hour-glass shape when viewed from the side, as can best be seen in FIGS. 6F and 6G). Referring to FIG. 6G, the atrial anchor 3202 extends radially outwards at an angle α (relative an axis 3297 parallel to an axis of the plane of the annulus (perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis 3299)) of between 20 and 30 degrees, such as approximately 25 degrees. The tips of extensions 3222 a,b of the atrial anchor are then bent or curved such that they point substantially in the atrial direction when implanted. Likewise, the ventricular anchor 3204 extends radially outwards at an angle B (relative an axis 3298 parallel to an axis of the plane of the annulus (perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis 3299)) of between 5 and 20 degrees, such as approximately 10 degrees. Further, the tips of extensions 3222 b of the ventricular anchor are bent or curved such that they point at least partially in the ventricular direction. Moreover, the tips of the ventricular anchor 3222 b continue curving at least partially radially inwards. The radius of curvature R of the tips of the ventricular anchor 3204 can be approximately 0.1 inches to 0.2 inches, such as ⅛ inches. Having the tips extensions 3222 b of the ventricular anchor 3204 curve around to point radially inwards advantageously keeps the tips from getting caught on material, such as cords, in the ventricle during implantation. Further, having the tips extensions 3222 a of the atrial anchor point substantially in the atrial direction advantageously provides a funnel to enhance flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle (i.e., without interrupting the flow or providing pockets for the blood to pool therein).

In some embodiments, one or more of the anchors can have holes, eyelets, or other attachments mechanisms therein to allow a delivery device to attach thereto to control placement of the replacement valve. Exemplary delivery devices and methods are described in International Patent Application filed May 13, 2016, titled “CARDIAC VALVE DELIVERY DEVICES AND SYSTEMS,” the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. Referring to FIGS. 6B and 6E, one or more of the anchors (here atrial anchor 3202) can include double eyelet hooks 3224 positioned in the distal tip of the extension 3222 a of the atrial anchor 3202. The eyelets 3224 advantageously allow tethers from the delivery device to hold the atrial loops in a retracted position. The outer radial positioning of the eyelets 3224 can advantageously allow the tethers to pull the loops tightly into the sheath. Further, the double eyelet hooks can advantageously make it easy for an operator to loop the tether therethrough (as shown in FIG. 6E).

Another embodiment of an eyelet 24 for delivery is shown in FIG. 7. Eyelet 24 is a full circle that allows a suture to be passed therethrough. The eyelets 24 are positioned at the peak or furthest radial position of the extensions 2422 on the atrial anchor 2402. The suture 2475 looping around the circumference of the anchor 2402 and through the eyelets 24 can help prevent the atrial anchor 2402 from flaring outwards during delivery.

In some embodiments, the eyelets can be only on the extensions of the atrial anchor. In other embodiments, the eyelets can be only or additionally on extensions of the ventricular anchor. As shown in FIGS. 6E and 7, the eyelets can be positioned along every other extension around the circumferential direction (such as only one of the overlapping frames, as shown in FIG. 7). In other embodiments, the eyelets can be positioned on every extension of the atrial or ventricular anchors.

The expandable anchors described herein can further include one or more apertures or holes configured for coupling attachment of various pieces of the valve. For example, referring to FIG. 6B, the expandable anchor 3201 can include a plurality of apertures 3246 therein configured to allow attachment via a coupler, such a rivet, to other sections of the valve, as described further below.

The prostheses herein also include struts or a strut frame, to which the replacement leaflets are attached for controlling blood flow through the valve. There can be three strut leaflets, which can form a pressure actuated valve that provides uni-directional flow occlusion when the prosthesis is implanted in the valve orifice. The leaflets can be constructed of bio-materials, such as bovine or porcine pericardium, or polymer materials.

Some central portions herein or other portions of other replacement heart valves may be susceptible to undesirable deforming when implanted, such as due to movement during the heartbeat and/or in response to pressures in the heart. The valves described herein can thus include a separate annular strut frame coupled to a radially inner portion of the central portion (i.e., within the central portion). The annular strut frame may distribute forces more evenly over the central portion of the expandable anchor and may reduce the likelihood of undesirable central portion deformation once implanted.

An annular strut frame is an additional layer of material secured to the radially inner portion of the central portion, which reinforces and stabilizes the central portion when implanted. Additionally, by creating a coupling between the struts and the central portion (as opposed to having a solid portion of material that can provide additional stability), the flexibility of the coupling allows for relative movement of the struts during collapse of the device. This can reduce stresses on the device as it is collapsed, allowing for a smaller delivery profile, which as discussed herein can be important for delivery, such as a transseptal approach. The term annular in this context does not require a perfect annulus.

When the prosthesis includes a strut frame, the struts can either be integral to the strut frame or they can be separate components that are secured to the strut frame during manufacturing.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary annular strut frame 1000. Strut frame 1000 includes frame portion 1002 and plurality of struts 1004. Struts 1004 extend further distally (i.e., in the ventricular direction) than frame portion 1002, and are configured to be secured to replacement leaflets as described herein. The strut frame 1000 has a ventricular end 1006 and an atrial end 1008. Strut portion 1002 includes a plurality of arches, which define peaks 1012 and valleys 1014. In this embodiment there are six strut frame arches, with two between adjacent struts 1004. Struts 1004 have an arch configuration defined by first leg 1020 and second leg 1022, each of which has a plurality of suture apertures 1018 therein. Struts 1004 each also have first and second extensions 1024 and 1026 extending away from legs 1020 and 1022 and towards atrial end 1008. Extensions 1024 and 1026 may also be considered part of the frame portion rather than the struts. Replacement leaflets are secured to struts 1004 at holes 1018 (e.g., by suturing). The strut frame also includes a plurality of apertures 1010 near the atrial end 1008, which are used to secure the annular strut frame to the central portion of the expandable anchor. The apertures are located at valleys 1014 in the frame portion. In some embodiments the annular strut frame is positioned radially within the central portion so that each of apertures 1010 is aligned with an aperture in the central portion, such as apertures 36. A coupler (e.g., rivet) is then advanced through the aligned apertures and one side of the coupler is then plastically deformed to secure the annular strut frame to the central portion.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary annular strut frame 1100. Strut frame 1100 includes three struts 1104 and frame portion 1102, which in this embodiment includes one arch between adjacent struts 1104. Unlike the embodiment in FIG. 8, in which there is one coupling aperture 1010 within each strut, in this embodiment there are two apertures 1110 within each strut 1104. Just as in the embodiment in FIG. 8, there are also apertures at the ends of each leg of struts. Strut frame 1100 is coupled to a central portion by aligning apertures 1110 with apertures in the central portion, such as aperture 36, and then extending a coupler through each set of aligned apertures, and plastically deforming each coupler to secure the central portion to the annular strut frame at the locations of the couplings.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate exemplary strut frames in their expanded configurations, when the rest of the expandable anchor (e.g., ventricular anchor, central portion, and atrial anchor) is also in an expanded configuration. Strut frames 19 and 20 can be secured to, and considered part of, any of the expandable anchors herein.

In an exemplary method of manufacturing, the strut frame is cut from a tubular element, then expanded, and set in the expanded configuration using shape setting techniques described herein or otherwise known. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the frame is cut from a 10 mm diameter tube, then expanded to an expanded configuration of about 32 mm (as shown in FIG. 19), and set in the expanded configuration. In some exemplary embodiments the strut frames herein are 0.25 mm to about 0.45 mm thick, such as about 0.35 mm thick.

The annular strut frame can be cut from a flat sheet and rolled up and secured together (examples of which are described above), or it can be cut from a tubular structure.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate exemplary annular, or cylindrical, strut frames can be disposed radially within the central portion of the expandable anchor. The central portion and the strut frame can be thought of as creating a composite cylinder when they are coupled together. The composite cylinder is thicker than each of the central portion and strut frame individually. Each of the central portion and strut frame is, however, relatively thin and can flex with respect to the other component. The relative flexibility can make it easier to collapse into a delivery configuration. If the composite region were a single material with a thickness equivalent to the combined thickness of the central portion and strut frame, that modified region may not be able to collapse sufficiently to meet, for example, size constraints without overstraining. The central portion and strut frame acting as a composite structure will not overstrain when collapsed into a collapsed configuration since the central portion and strut frame can flex independently. The composite central portion and strut frame also, when the expandable anchor expands, has a thickness greater than each component individually, thus providing an increased thickness that may be needed to resist torquing and other forces on the central portion when implanted. The composite central portion and cylindrical strut frame thus enables collapsing as needed without overstraining, as well as provides a thickness to the central region that resists torquing and deformation due to forces acting on the expandable anchor when implanted.

FIGS. 10A-E illustrate another exemplary annular or cylindrical strut frame 2500 that can be disposed radially within the central portion of the expandable anchor. As shown, strut frame 2500 can include a frame portion 2502 at the atrial end 2508 and a plurality of struts 2504, such as three struts 2504, at the ventricular end 2506. While the frame portion 2502 can extend substantially around the entire valve, the struts 2504 can extend at discrete locations about the valve. For example, the midpoint or center of each of the struts 2504 can be positioned approximately 120° away from one another.

The entire frame 2500 can be made of a plurality of substantially diamond-shaped sub-features 2551 arranged in a pattern. The diamond sub-features 2551 can advantageously provide structural support to the strut frame 2500 and can be substantially resistant to deformation when circumferential and/or axial forces are placed on the strut frame 2500.

The atrial-most tips 2553 of the strut frame 2500 can be rounded or blunt to prevent damage to the tissue when implanted. Moreover, as shown in FIGS. 10A-D, the atrial tips 2553 of the strut frame can be flared radially outwards relative to the rest of the strut frame 2500, which can remain substantially cylindrical. The angle of the bend can be between 25 degrees and 30 degrees relative to a plane of the annulus (i.e., 60-65 degrees relative to the central vertical axis of the annulus). Further, the atrial trips can substantially conform to the angle of the atrial anchor relative to the central portion. A similarly flared structure can be seen in the strut frame 2415 of FIG. 7.

Referring still to FIGS. 10A-10D, the struts 2504 can each be substantially triangular in shape with blunt tips formed from three substantially aligned diamond sub-features (labeled as 2551 a,b,c,d on FIG. 25B). The middle diamond sub-feature 2551 b of each strut 2504 can include one or more eyelets 2555 formed as a sewing attachment point for the leaflets. Likewise, one or more of the diamond sub-features 2551 can include eyelets 2557 for attachment of the leaflets.

The strut frame 2500 can further include apertures 2510 that can be used as rivet holes for attachment to the anchor frame. The apertures 2510 can be positioned, for example, between the proximal-most diamond sub-features 2551 of the strut frame 2500.

FIG. 10D shows the same strut frame 2500 in a two-dimensional un-stretched configuration. To form the strut frame 2500 in the three-dimensional configuration shown in FIGS. 25A-25D, the two-dimensional version can be stretched linearly (in the direction shown by the arrows on FIG. 30), and the atrial end 2408 can be bent. Advantageously, the strut frame 2500 can be cut out of a single piece of material, such as a tube or a flat sheet. The strut frame 2500 can be approximately 12-15 mm high and 27-32 mm in diameter.

Referring to FIGS. 11A-B, the radial flare of the tips 2633 at the atrial end 2608 of the strut frame 2615 can allow the atrial end 2608 to sit substantially flush with the atrial anchor 2602. The tips 2633, however, can remain unattached to the atrial anchor 2602 in order to allow for ease of collapse.

In some embodiments, as shown best in FIG. 12A, the atrial tips 3133 of the strut frame 3100 can be axially aligned with the extensions 3122 of the atrial anchor 3102. That is, the midline of each tip 3133 can align with the midline of each extension 3122. The strut frame 3100 can be attached to the anchor 3100, such as a rivet extending between apertures 2510 (see FIGS. 10A-10D) and apertures formed in the central portion of the anchor. Further, as shown in FIG. 12B, the atrial tips 3133 substantially conform to the angle of the atrial anchor 3102, forming a continuous or smooth funnel from the proximal end to the distal end. The smooth funnel can advantageously ensure that blood flowing therethrough will flow continuously without catching or pooling within portions of the device, thereby preventing the formation of blood clots. Moreover, as further shown in FIG. 12B, the strut frame 3100 can be positioned such substantially all of the struts 3104 extend distally past the ventricular anchor 3104.

Another embodiment of a strut frame 3215 is shown in FIG. 6D. As shown in FIG. 6D, the strut frame 3215 includes a substantially cylindrical ventricular portion 3251 and a flared atrial portion 3253 extending at least partially radially away from the cylindrical ventricular portion 3251. The flared atrial portion forms an angle of approximately 25-30 degrees relative to a plane of the annulus (i.e., 60-65 degrees relative to the central vertical or longitudinal axis of the annulus). Further, in this embodiment, the atrial tips 3255 of the flared atrial portion curve back to point substantially in the axial direction (similar to the atrial anchor 3201). Thus, referring to FIG. 6A, when placed within the atrial anchor 3201, the flares and atrial tips of each will be substantially flush with one another.

Referring to FIG. 6D, the strut frame 3205 includes a plurality of zig-zag circumferential members extending around the circumference of the frame and a plurality of linear members extending from the ventricular end to the atrial end. Further, a plurality of eyelet apertures 3257 are positioned at the ventricular side. The eyelet apertures can be used to connect the strut frame 3215 to the anchor assembly 3201, such as via couplers or rivets.

In some embodiments, the strut frame 3205 can include a suture woven circumferentially around the strut frame 3205 (such as through the zig-zag members), similar to as shown in FIG. 7. The suture can advantageously help maintain the shape of the strut frame 3205 during delivery (e.g., help prevent flaring) so as to maintain low stress on the leaflets during delivery.

As shown in FIG. 6D, the strut frame 3215 further includes ovoid attachment features 3205 at the ventricular end of the frame 3215 (attached leaflets 3220 are shown in FIG. 6A). The ovoid attachment features 3205 include a plurality of sutures holes therein for attachment of the leaflets. The ovoid shape can advantageously distribute stress evenly at the highest stress point of the leaflets. In one embodiment, there can be three ovoid attachment features 3205 separated approximately 120 degrees around the circumference from one another. In this embodiment, other portions of the leaflets can be sewn directly to the zig-zag and/or features of the strut frame.

Another mechanism for attaching leaflets is shown in FIGS. 13A-13B. Strut frame 4615 includes one or more eyelets 4655 extending along the strut frame for sewing attachment of the leaflets 4620.

The strut frames described herein can be configured to mechanically isolate the leaflets from the anchoring mechanism of the implant, thereby isolating the leaflets from stresses caused by movement of the annulus and/or the non-uniform shape of the annulus. In any of the embodiments described herein, the strut frame can have greater radial strength or rigidity than the anchor, thereby allowing the strut frame to retain its substantially cylindrical shape while the anchor conforms to surrounding anatomy. In one embodiment, the strut frame deflection under full pressure loading results in a 1-2 mm decrease in diameter.

In some embodiments, a central member or suspension can extend between the strut frame and the anchor frame. The central member can help provide further mechanical isolation of the leaflets relative to the anchoring members. That is, it is generally desirable that the strut frame to which the leaflets are attached maintain its intended expanded configuration. If the strut frame deforms too extensively, the orientation and/or alignment of the replacement leaflets that are secured to the strut frame can be compromised, which may prevent proper leaflet coaptation during use. The central member described herein prevents or at least minimizes movement or deformation of the expandable anchor from being translated to the strut frame. Alternatively stated, the central member reduces deformation of the strut frame in response to deformation of the expandable anchor. The central member can thus be thought of as a shock system between the expandable anchor and the strut frame (or the replacement leaflets). In response to deformation of expandable anchor, the central member is configured to deform while preventing or minimizing deformation of the strut frame.

FIG. 14 illustrates a mitral valve prosthesis 300 (viewed from a ventricular side) that includes a central member 306 in addition to the expandable anchor 302 and strut frame 304. The expandable anchor 302 is coupled to the central member 306, and the central member 306 is coupled to strut frame 304. Strut frame 304 defines central opening 310. Although shown as including non-overlapping pear-shaped petals or extensions, the expandable anchor 302 can be any of the expandable anchors described above or incorporated by reference herein. Further, strut frame 304 can be any of the strut frames described above. Moreover, in some alternative embodiments, the strut frame shown in FIG. 14 is replaced with discrete struts. The replacement leaflets that are secured to strut frame 304 are not shown in FIG. 14 for clarity.

As shown in FIG. 14, the central member 306 can include a plurality of connectors or spring elements 308 extending between the anchor 302 and the strut frame 308. The spring elements 308 can be resilient members that together act as a suspension for the strut frame 304 and can compress or extend when force is applied thereto, but can return to their former shape when released. The spring elements 308 can thus be used to absorb forces placed on the anchoring member to prevent or reduce forces on the strut frame (and thus the leaflets). The spring elements 308 can include leaflet springs (as shown in FIG. 14), S-springs (as shown in FIG. 15A), V-springs (as shown in FIG. 15B, circle springs (as shown in FIG. 15C), or any other type of spring elements, such as helical springs. In some embodiments, all of the spring elements 308 are the same type of spring, while in other embodiments, different types of springs can be used.

In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 14, central member 306 includes eighteen individual or discrete spring elements 308. The spring elements 308 are secured to expandable anchor 302 at a radially outer end and to strut frame 304 at a radially inner end. Springs 308 can be secured to expandable anchor 302 and to strut frame 304, for example, via rivets, such as is described herein. As shown, in FIGS. 15A-15C each spring element 308 can include two apertures 3912 therein at opposite ends of the spring. The apertures 3912 can allow for attachment of the spring elements 308 to the strut frame and the anchor through rivets or other attachment mechanisms. The spring elements 308 can be secured to expandable anchor 302 along the central portion of expandable anchor 302, which is the radially innermost portion of expandable anchor 302.

In other embodiments, there may be few or more spring elements 308. For example, if the expandable anchor had a design different than shown in FIG. 14, fewer spring elements 308 may be needed. Or, alternatively, the design in FIG. 14 could have nine spring elements 308, leaving out every other spring element around the strut frame 304. Alternatively, the implant can have four spring elements 308 disposed about every 90 degrees around the strut frame 304, or three spring elements 308, or even two spring elements 308. The implant can have, for example, inclusively, between 1 and 25 springs, such as between 1 and 20 spring elements, such as between 2 and 20 spring elements. In some embodiments, different spring elements 308 of the suspension 306 can have different spring constants. The spring constants can be between 20 g/mm and 100 g/mm.

FIGS. 16A-C show a mitral valve prosthesis 2800 including an outer expandable frame 2804, a central member 2806 (in the form of a plurality of individual spring elements), an annular strut frame 2802, and leaflets. As can be seen in FIGS. 16A-16C, the radially inner strut frame 2804 is radially offset from the outer expandable frame 2802 due to the central member or 2806.

In some embodiments, the central member can have a continuous annular configuration, such as form a continuous spring 2908, as shown in FIG. 15D, configured to extend around the entire circumference of the strut frame 304 (i.e., between the strut frame 304 and the anchor 302). The continuous spring can have a plurality of bends that act as springs and a plurality of apertures 2911, 2933 arranged in an alternating configuration such that neighboring apertures 2911, 2933 attach to the strut frame and the anchor assembly. As shown in FIG. 15D, the continuous spring can be attached such that at least one bed extends between the strut frame and the anchor frame, providing an offset (and additional spring element) between the two.

FIG. 6C similarly shows a central member 3206 having a continuous annular configuration. The central member 3206 includes a plurality of linear posts 3261 extending from the atrial end to the ventricular end and a plurality of zig-zag circumferential members 3266. The ventricular end of the central member 3206 has a smaller diameter (which can be, e.g., 25-30 mm, such as 27 mm) than the diameter of the atrial end (which can be e.g., 30-35 mm, such as 32 mm). Each post 3261 inches a ventricular eyelet or aperture 3263 and an atrial eyelet or aperture 3265. The apertures ventricular 3263 can be configured to connect with apertures 3257 on the strut frame while the atrial apertures 3266 can be configured to connect to apertures 3246 on the anchor assembly 3201. The central member 3206 thus angles inward from the anchor assembly 3201 to the strut frame 3215 so as to connect the two. As shown in FIG. 6A, the central member 3206 can connect the anchor assembly 3201 with the strut frame 3215 and can act as a suspension to allow relative movement between the two.

FIGS. 17A-D show a valve prosthesis 1700 with anchor assembly 1701 that is similar to the prosthesis of FIGS. 6A-6F, but three of the linear posts 1761 of the central member 1706 extend further in the ventricular direction than the rest, and sutures holes on the ovoid leaflet attachment mechanism 1705 are moved further proximally, thereby ensuring that the riveting attachment of the central member 1706 to the strut frame 1715 does not interfere with the attachment of the leaflets to the strut frame 1715.

The expandable anchor, central member or suspension, and strut frame optionally have different spring constants, which is generally a measure of how stiff and strong a material is. For example, the strut frame can have the greatest spring constant, while the central member or suspension can have the lowest spring constant to allow it be deformed most easily. The expandable anchor can have a spring constant in between that of the strut frame and central member. Strut frame can have the greatest spring constant to resist deformation as much as possible.

The central members described herein advantageously prevent or minimize torquing or twisting of the strut frame in response to torquing of the expandable anchor. Further, the central member can allow for radial movement while preventing or minimizing axial movement. For example, the elements (e.g., linear posts or individual suspension members) connecting the strut frame to the expandable anchor may have cross sections that are thin in the radial direction and thick in the axial and rotational directions. In some embodiments, the central member can help maintain the axial position of the components (strut frame and anchor) during packaging.

Since there are mitral valve anatomical differences between patients, the central members described herein can allow the prosthesis to be implanted in patients with varying anatomies and accommodate for those differences while preventing the strut frame from deforming too extensively. For example, the mitral valve can be dilated quite extensively in some patients, and thus there may be a desire to have some variability built into the prosthesis. The elements of the central member can compensate for that variability. For example, the same strut frame size can be used with anchors of inner and outer diameters, and the central member can compensate for the dimensional difference. For example, a strut frame having a diameter of 27 mm can be used in an anchor having a diameter of 32-38 mm. Likewise, a strut frame of 29 mm can be used with an anchor have a diameter of 38-44 mm in diameter. The spring length can be increased to support the valve as the anchor diameter increases. Further, the skirt can be configured to cover the gap between the anchor frame and the strut frame.

In some embodiments, the anchor assembly and/or the strut assembly can have integrated suspension units attached thereto. For example, referring to FIGS. 18A-18C, the valve 1800 includes strut frame 1815 and anchor assembly 1801. As shown in FIGS. 18A and 189B, the linear posts 1818 of the strut frame 1815 extend past the circumferential zig-zag features 1822 of the strut frame 1815 on the atrial side. Further, the posts each include eyelet holes 1820 at the atrial end thereof. The eyelet holes 1820 are configured to line up with eyelet holes 1857 (see FIG. 18C) on the atrial tips of the anchor assembly 1801 to provide for coupling attachment, such as through rivets. The atrial anchor in this embodiment has petals of alternating lengths (as best shown in FIG. 18C), so the extensions of the posts 1818 have alternating lengths to accommodate (as best shown in FIG. 18B). Similar to other embodiments described herein, the atrial side of the strut frame 1806 can flare outwards (see FIG. 18A). The posts 1818 can thus be used to attach the strut frame 1815 to the anchor assembly 1801. Further, because the posts 1801 have extensions in the atrial direction, those extensions can act as springs, such as leaf springs, to provide a suspensions between the main body of the strut frame 1815 and the anchor assembly 1801.

Another example of a valve 1900 with an integrated assembly is shown in FIGS. 19A-19C. In this embodiment, the posts 1918 are attached to the central portion of the anchor assembly 1901 rather than to the atrial petals. Because the posts 1918 are attached to the central portion (thereby providing suspension), the atrial petals of the atrial anchor 1902 can be more flexible, and overlapping petals can be used (as shown in FIG. 19A). Another valve assembly 3700 with the strut frame 3715 attached to the atrial anchor 3703 is shown in FIGS. 20A-20C. That is, the atrial anchor 3702 can include apertures 3710 (see FIG. 20C) configured to attach to apertures 3780 (see FIG. 20B) of the strut frame 3715. The alignment of the anchor 3701 and the strut frame 3715 is shown in FIG. 20A. The valves 1900 and 2700 thus include suspensions characteristics that are provided by offsetting the rivet attachment points towards the atrial side, thereby creating a cantilever beam supporting the leaflet strut coming from the atrium.

Any of the embodiments described hereinabove can further include hooks configured to enhance attachment of the implant to the tissue.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 20C, the hooks 3732 can be positioned in the valleys between extensions 3722 of the ventricular anchor 3704, i.e., can extend from the radial inner-most part of the ventricular anchor 3204. In some embodiments, the hooks 3632 can additionally or alternatively be positioned in the valleys between extensions of the atrial anchor. Advantageously, by placing the hooks in the valley between the extensions, they do not drag on tissue during release and/or repositioning of the device. That is, by being positioned at the inner-most radial position, the hooks will not grab tissue until the atrial and ventricular anchors 3702, 3704 are fully or substantially fully deployed. Moreover, by having the hooks close to the central portion 3603, they will better grab onto meaty tissue of the annulus.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6E, hooks 3232 b can extend from the central portion 3203, such as point in radially outwards and/or slightly in the ventricular direction. Hooks 3222 a can also extend from the ventricular anchor in the valleys and point substantially in the atrial direction.

The hooks can be configured to embed into annulus tissue, thereby helping to resist the pressure build-up on the ventricular side of the aorta.

When two components are secured together during manufacturing, they are considered to be non-integral, or non-monolithic, components. Different portions of the expandable anchor that are made from the same starting material are considered to be integral, or monolithic. For example, the ventricular anchor, central anchor, and atrial anchor can all be made from the same piece, i.e., be integral with one another. In contrast, a manufacturing step could include cutting a strut and an expandable anchor from different pieces of starting material, and securing them together, and they would be considered non-integral. In some embodiments, when one or more components are secured together, the coupling of the two components can be made so that the two components are rigidly secured at the coupling, or so that the two components can move to some degree at the location of the coupling of the two components (e.g., pivotable).

Rivets as used herein are an example of a coupler, as that term or derivatives thereof is used herein. The locations where components are secured to one another may be referred to as a coupling herein. Coupling also refers to the two components that are secured together. Riveting as used herein is an example of a method that plastically deforms a coupler to secure two or more components together at a coupling.

The rivets can be inserted through the apertures described herein and the ends can then be plastically deformed using known riveting techniques to secure the two or more components together. The rivets can be made of a suitable implantable material, such as platinum, platinum-iridium alloy, tantalum, nickel-titanium alloy, or titanium and titanium alloys, such as titanium 6-4eli. In some embodiments, the riveted coupling can be such that one or more rivets are not tightened all the way down to the secured components, which allows for hinging of the coupling, if desired. Rivets used for hinging may be made of materials suitable for implantable bearing surfaces such as Nitronic 60 alloy, or nitinol. Hinge pins can be coated with low-friction, high-durability coatings, such as diamond-like coating, or titanium nitride.

Use of rivets and hinges (as opposed to, for example, crimp tubes) can provide an additional benefit of preventing cracking that can occur as single pieces of material flex and move. Additionally, rivets and hinges can provide various degrees of relevant movement between portions of the valve, which can allow the valve to be collapsed into a smaller delivery profile for delivery. The relative movement can also provide increased flexibility of the valve during delivery. Rivets can also allow for a variation in the relative orientation of the riveted components. In some embodiments, rivets provide increased flexibility that allows for greater trackability during delivery and better self-centering of the anchor against cardiac tissue (i.e., provides advantages for both access and conformability to the anatomy).

The couplings herein (e.g., riveting) also allow different section of material with different physical properties to be secured to one another. This allows different sections of the expandable anchor to have different properties (e.g., stiffness) than other sections, as may be needed based on, for example, anatomical requirements. For example, atrial anchors can be made thinner than the central portion and/or ventricular anchors.

Coupling and rivets are described further in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/677,334, filed Apr. 2, 2015, titled “REPLACEMENT CARDIAC VALVES AND METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE,” the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

Any of the valve prostheses described herein can include a fabric cover and/or skirt or one or more portions of the device. For example, FIG. 6A shows a skirt covering the anchor assembly.

In some embodiments, the valve prostheses have been shown without leaflets for clarity. It is to be understood that each of the embodiments described herein can included replacement leaflets attached thereto.

Any of the valve features or structural details of any device embodiment described herein can be incorporated or combined with any of the other embodiments herein. For example, the central members or suspensions described herein are not limited in use with the expandable anchors and strut frames in the specific embodiment, but can be replaced with any of the features described in any other embodiment.

In use, when the devices described herein can be used as mitral valve replacements. In some embodiments, when the replacement heart valve has been delivered near the mitral valve, the ventricular anchor can be deployed first in a cardiac chamber, such as the ventricle, and retracted to a seated position against the valve orifice, such as the mitral valve orifice. Then the center portion and atrial anchor portion may be deployed in another cardiac chamber, such as the atrium, wherein the expansion and reconfiguration of the atrial anchor and the central portion sandwiches the valve orifice securely between the anchors that have been deployed on either side of the annulus. Other exemplary aspects of the methods of delivery described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,870,948, issued Oct. 28, 2014, and in International Patent Application filed May 13, 2016, titled “CARDIAC VALVE DELIVERY DEVICES AND SYSTEMS,” both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.

Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a”. “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”.

Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.

Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various features/elements (including steps), these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising” means various components can be co-jointly employed in the methods and articles (e.g., compositions and apparatuses including device and methods). For example, the term “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of any stated elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other elements or steps.

As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.

Although various illustrative embodiments are described above, any of a number of changes may be made to various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as described by the claims. For example, the order in which various described method steps are performed may often be changed in alternative embodiments, and in other alternative embodiments one or more method steps may be skipped altogether. Optional features of various device and system embodiments may be included in some embodiments and not in others. Therefore, the foregoing description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is set forth in the claims.

The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. As mentioned, other embodiments may be utilized and derived there from, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept, if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A prosthetic mitral valve comprising: an anchor assembly comprising a proximal anchor, a distal anchor, and a central portion therebetween; an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, wherein the annular strut frame comprises a cylindrical ventricular portion and flared atrial portion, the flared atrial portion flaring radially outwards relative to the cylindrical ventricular portion; and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the strut frame.
 2. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein the atrial and ventricular anchors are flared radially outwards relative to the central portion, and wherein an angle of the flared atrial portion substantially conforms to an angle of the flared atrial anchor.
 3. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein an angle of the flared atrial portion is between 60 and 65 degrees relative to a central longitudinal axis of the cylindrical ventricular portion.
 4. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein an atrial end of the strut frame is attached to the anchor assembly.
 5. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 4, wherein the cylindrical ventricular portion is spaced away from the anchor assembly.
 6. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 4, wherein the atrial end of the strut frame is attached to the anchor assembly with a plurality of rivets.
 7. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein the prosthetic mitral valve is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration.
 8. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein the strut frame has a higher spring constant than the anchor assembly.
 9. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein the strut frame includes a plurality of linear posts and a plurality of circumferential zig-zag features extending therearound.
 10. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 1, wherein the anchor assembly forms a substantially hour-glass shape.
 11. A prosthetic mitral valve comprising: an anchor assembly comprising a proximal anchor, a distal anchor, and a central portion therebetween, wherein the atrial and ventricular anchors are flared radially outwards relative to the central portion; an annular strut frame disposed radially within the anchor assembly, wherein an atrial end of the strut frame flares radially outwards relative to a ventricular end of the strut frame; and a plurality of replacement leaflets secured to the strut frame.
 12. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein an angle of the flared atrial end substantially conforms to an angle of the flared atrial anchor.
 13. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein an angle of the flared atrial end is between 60 and 65 degrees relative to a central longitudinal axis of the strut frame.
 14. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein the atrial end of the strut frame is attached to the anchor assembly.
 15. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 14, wherein the ventricular end is spaced away from the anchor assembly.
 16. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 14, wherein the atrial end is attached to the anchor assembly with a plurality of rivets.
 17. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein the prosthetic mitral valve is configured to self-expand from a constrained configuration to an expanded configuration.
 18. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein the strut frame has a higher spring constant than the anchor assembly.
 19. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein the strut frame includes a plurality of linear posts and a plurality of circumferential zig-zag features extending therearound.
 20. The prosthetic mitral valve of claim 11, wherein the anchor assembly forms a substantially hour-glass shape. 